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Cyphelloid fungi
The cyphelloid fungi are a group of fungi in the ''Basidiomycota'' that have disc-, tube-, or cup-shaped basidiocarps (fruit bodies), resembling species of discomycetes (or "cup fungi") in the ''Ascomycota''. They were originally referred to the genus ''Cyphella'' ("cyphelloid" means ''Cyphella''-like) and subsequently to the family ''Cyphellaceae'', but are now known to be much more diverse and are spread through several different genera and families. Since they are often studied as a group, it is convenient to call them by the informal (non-taxonomic) name of "cyphelloid fungi".
==History==
The genus ''Cyphella'' was original described by Fries in 1822. Subsequent authors gradually added over 300 species to the genus.〔http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp〕 By the close of the nineteenth century, however, it was already clear that ''Cyphella'' contained a miscellany of species — some, for example, having hyaline spores, whilst others had brown spores. Segregate genera were accordingly proposed to accommodate cyphelloid fungi that were not closely related to the type, and this process continued throughout the twentieth century. The group was covered in a monograph by William Bridge Cooke in 1961,〔Cooke W.B. (1961). The cyphellaceous fungi. ''Sydowia Beihefte'' 4: 1-144.〕 with additional papers by Donk,〔Donk M.A. (1959). Notes on ''Cyphellaceae'' I. ''Persoonia'' 1: 25-110〕〔Donk MA. (1962). Notes on ''Cyphellaceae'' II. ''Persoonia'' 2: 331-348.〕〔Donk MA. (1966). A reassessment of the ''Cyphellaceae''. ''Acta Botanica Neerlandica'' 15: 95-107〕 Reid,〔Reid DA. (1964). Notes on some fungi of Michigan. I. ''Cyphellaceae''. ''Persoonia'' 3: 97-154〕 and Agerer.〔Agerer R. (1973). ''Rectipilus''. Eine neue Gattung cyphelloider Pilze. ''Persoonia'' 7: 389-436.〕〔Agerer R. (1975). ''Flagelloscypha''. Studien an cyphelloiden Basidiomyceten. ''Sydowia'' 27: 131-265〕 As a result of these critical revisions, only one species is still accepted in ''Cyphella'', namely the type ''Cyphella digitalis''.〔Bodensteiner P. ''et al.'' (2004). Phylogenetic relationships of cyphelloid homobasidiomycetes.''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 33: 501-515. http://clarku.tv/faculty/dhibbett/Reprints%20PDFs/Bodensteiner%20et%20al%202004%20MPE.pdf〕
The family name ''Cyphellaceae'' was used to keep most (but not all) of these segregate genera together. It became equally clear, however, that it too was heterogeneous, Donk noting that it was "nothing but a handy bin from which part of the contents has already been taken out and disposed of by scattering it over various groups."〔
DNA sequencing confirms this diversity, showing that cyphelloid fungi have independently evolved at least eight times within the ''Basidiomycota''.〔 Genera are currently placed in the ''Cyphellaceae'' (in a restricted sense), ''Inocybaceae'', ''Marasmiaceae'', ''Niaceae'', and ''Tricholomataceae''.〔 It had previously been suggested that most cyphelloid fungi were related to gilled agarics (mushrooms and toadstools) and they have sometimes been referred to as "reduced agarics". DNA sequencing shows that this is indeed true for many of the genera sampled, almost all being placed within the order ''Agaricales''.〔
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